| dc.description.abstract | Background: Hookworm, S. stercoralis, and co-infection are still challenged in public health problem especially in developing countries where have risk factors that are potential for transmitting of hookworm, S. stercoralis and co-infection. In East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia has high-risk factors of the prevalence of hookworm, S. stercoralis, and co-infection, including access sanitation facilities, personal hygiene and environmental risk factors.
Methods: In this study was showed the infection rates, correlation analysis between risk factors and prevalence of hookworm, S. stercoralis, and co-infection were used statistical analysis. A cross-sectional study was performed among 213 participants from the rural community of Muarakaman District and Marangkayu Districts, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. In this study would show the infection rates, correlation analysis between environmental risk factors, and prevalence of hookworm infection with statistical analysis. In this study used two diagnostic methods: Kato Katz and Koga agar plate culture/KAP culture for diagnosing of hookworm and Strongyloides infections. Pearson chi-square analysis was used for study correlation between environmental risk factors with hookworm infection and S stercoralis infection and co-infection.
Results: In this study showed of 213 tested samples from the community have 154 (27.7%) cases found positive with hookworm mono-infection and 17 (8.0%) cases found positive with strongyloides infection and co-infection 14 (6.6%). the result Pearson chi-square analysis that age (p value= 0.008), occupation, (p value= 0.008), water resources for daily activity (p=0.000, drinking water (p value= 0.000) and toilet (p value= 0.028). personal hygiene have significant correlation with hookworm mono-infection consist frequency of using shoes on out-door (p= 0.006), usual ate row/un-cook vegetable (p= 0.001), washing foot before house-entering (p=0.030), usual use toilet at home (p= 0.035) and usually use sandals in the toilet (0.035). Environmental factors have correlated significant with hookworm mono-infection (p<0.05) such as district (p= 0.000), organic carbon content in soil (p= 0.000), temperature (p= 0.000), humidity (p= 0.000), number day of rainfall (p= 0.000), rainfall volume (p= 0.000), vegetation (p= 0.001), village areas (p= 0.001), dry or wet soil surrounding house (p= 0.010) and live together with human infected with hookworm (p= 0.016). Sanitation facilities and personal hygiene have not significant with S. stercoralis. district, the organic carbon content in the soil, humidity, temperature, elevation, number day of rainfall, rainfall volume, elevation, and live together with human infected with S. stercoralis. facilitate sanitation of participants and hookworm and S. stercoralis co-infection have not associated (p-value > 0.05). usual ate raw vegetable has significantly correlated with hookworm and S. stercoralis co-infection (p= 0.020). environmental risk factors with hookworm and S. stercoralis co-infection showed organic carbon content in soil and live together with humans infected with hookworm and S. stercoralis co-infection have significantly correlated with hookworm and S. stercoralis co-infection with p-value = 0.025 and p-value= 000 respectively.
Conclusions: The prevalence of hookworm, S. stercoralis, and co-infection in two districts in rural areas in east Kalimantan, Indonesia where deference of risk factor of the infections. Hookworm, S stercoralis, and Co-infection have deference of risk factors especially in carbon content, volume n number day of rainfall, elevation, and village areas, that conditions against survival of parasitic larvae in an environment where potential increase for penetration the larvae to human via soil contact and pet contact. Personal hygiene and sanitation facilities supported the conditions. Essential risk factors of the infections should use for controlling and preventing a program of reduction prevalence hookworm and S stercoralis infection.
Keywords: Prevalence, Essential Risk Factors, Hookworm, S. Stercoralis, Co-Infection, Indonesia | en_US |
